Arthur Dimmesdale Essays - English-language Films,

Arthur Dimmesdale Dimmesdale In Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale unquestionably suffers more than Hester Prynne, his accomplice in the affair that took place years ago. He is tortured by Roger Chillingworth, Hester's husband, who arrives in Boston and begins to 'assist' Dimmesdale with his illness. He is also tormented by Pearl, Hester and Dimmesdale's daughter, who, is a product of the affair. He also injures himself, as the shame of the incident literally makes him sick. These persons, including himself, contribute to Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale's potential downfall. Roger Chillingworth arrives in Boston, and ironically, the first scene he views is his wife, Hester Prynne, serving her three-hour sentence of standing on the pillory. As he comes out of the woods with a big Indian, he joins the crowd. At which time, we are immediately informed of his physical description. We are told he is short, has one shoulder higher than the other, and looks intelligent, however, there was not something right about him, his look became keen and penetrative. (p.54) In the next chapter, we are told that Chillingworth is Hester's husband. They do not have the same name, however, because Chillingworth wishes to avoid discovery as the wronged husband and also bear Hester's ignominy. Roger Chillingworth gains a good reputation as the best (and only) physician in Boston. Coincidentally, Dimmesdale grows sick, and he is forced to seek Chillingworth's help. Dimmesdale's health started to decline, to put his hand over his heart, with first a flush and then a paleness, ind icative of pain. (p.107) Chillingworth takes interest in Dimmesdale, and sought to win a friendly regard and confidence from his naturally reserved sensibility. (p.108) Chillingworth was happy to help his pastor back to health, as it was the natural thing to do. The disease was not the only thing that interested the physician, but, he was strangely moved to look in to the character and qualities of the patient?He deemed it essential, it would seem to know the man before attempting to do him good. (pp.109, 110) Dimmesdale's health sailed downward, and at this time, Dimmesdale was advised by the townspeople to move in with Chillingworth. At first, they got along great, and town couldn't be happier with how things are going, but after a while, some people grew skeptical of Chillingworth's motives. They believe that Chillingworth has undergone a change since arriving in Boston: he used to be a genial old man, but is now an ugly and evil person who now terrorizes Dimmesdale, haunted eith er by Satan himself, or Satan's emissary, in the guise of old Roger Chillingworth. (p.114) A few days later, Chillingworth returned from gathering leaves and roots when Dimmesdale asked him where he got those that he had never seen before. Chillingworth responds by saying that they grew on a grave with no tombstone, then infers that Dimmesdale is keeping a secret, They grew out of his heart, and typify, it maybe, some hideous secret that was buried with him, and which he had done be then to confess during his lifetime. (p. 117) This leads directly to an entire conversation where Chillingworth tries to make Dimmesdale reveal his secret. Chillingworth pushes Dimmesdale to tell him about his spiritual side, however, Dimmesdale grows so uncomfortable that he screams, No-not to thee! (p.127) and runs out of the room in a mad fit. Later on, Dimmesdale falls asleep in his chair, at which time Chillingworth creeps in and rips off Dimmesdale's shirt, and finds what he is looking for: he has read Dimmesdale's heart. Roger Chillingworth is not the only person to torment Dimmesdale. Little Pearl, Hester and Arthur's daughter, also torments him as well. Pearl does not make Dimmesdale suffer as much as Roger, but she does inflict her share of damage. During the conversation between Chillingworth and Dimmesdale about Dimmesdale's spirit, Pearl and Hester come walking through the graveyard. Pearl gathers a handful of burrs from a birdock, and placed them along her mother's 'A.' As they continue down the path, they pass Dimmesdale's window, and she, threw one of the prickly burrs at the reverend Mr. Dimmesdale. (p.120) Dimmesdale jumped back from the attack, and seemed to, shrunk with nervous dread. (p.120) Pearl

HUNT Surname Meaning and Origin

HUNT Surname Meaning and Origin As it sounds, the Hunt surname is generally considered to be an occupational name for a hunter, from the Old English hunta, meaning to hunt. Its also possible that the Hunt surname is an mis-translation of the Irish surname Ó Fiaich (due to confusion with fiach, the modern spelling of fiadhach, meaning to hunt), or an Anglicized spelling of the German surname Hundt. Surname Origin:  English Alternate Surname Spellings:  HUNTER, HUNTAR, HUNTE, HUNTA, HUNTT, HUNDT Where in the World is the HUNT Surname Found? According to  Forebears, the Hunt surname is most prevalent in the United States, where over 172,000 people bear the name. It is more common based on rank in the nation, however, in New Zealand (ranked 78th), Wales (84th) and  England (89th). Historical data from the 1881 census in England shows the surname Hunt was most common in Wiltshire (11th most common surname), Dorset (12th), Berkshire (17th), Somerset and Oxfordshire (23rd), Hampshire (24th) and Leicestershire (25th). WorldNames PublicProfiler  identifies the Hunt surname as being especially common in the United Kingdom, followed by Australia and New Zealand. Within the UK it is most common in southern England, especially the counties of Dorset, Somerset, Wiltshire, Oxfordshire, Warwickshire, Monmouthshire and Derbyshire. Famous People with the Last Name HUNT Linda Hunt - American actress, born  Lydia Susanna HunterHelen Hunt - American actressJames Hunt - British race car driver famous in the 1970sE. Howard Hunt - former CIA agent, famous for helping to organize the Watergate breakinAlfred Hunt - American steel magnateHenry Hunt - British radical speaker and politicianBonnie Hunt - American actressLeigh Hunt - English author and criticWilliam Morris Hunt - American painter Genealogy Resources for the Surname HUNT How to Research English AncestorsTrace your British roots back to England and beyond with the steps outlined in this English genealogy guide. Learn how to locate your ancestors county and/or parish in England, plus how to access vital records, census records and parish records. The HUNT DNA WebsiteOver 180 individuals with the Hunt surname and variants such as Hunte, Hunta, Huntt, Hundt, etc. have tested their Y-DNA and joined this project to help identify various Hunt families. Hunt Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Hunt family crest or coat of arms for the Hunt surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. FamilySearch - HUNT GenealogyExplore over 4 million historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Hunt surname and its variations on the free FamilySearch website, hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. HUNT Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts a free mailing lists for researchers of the Hunt surname. DistantCousin.com - HUNT Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Hunt. The Hunt Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the popular last name Hunt from the website of Genealogy Today.- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.    Back to  Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Diamond Trade in Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Diamond Trade in Africa - Essay Example Recounting this history shows how Africa and one f its most marketable resources have become entangled in the values f a cultural polyglot f political economies, and the image f the African suffers in its wake; a diminished ability to claim political representation for many African peoples, and a reduced place f participation in the world economies for African nations and Africa, as a global entity is the result. (Sherman 600-615) As the image f a "chaotic" Africa persists in the historical moment to de-legitimize it as viable agent in international political economies, divorced f its historical circumstances and left to the whim f market forces and subordinating cultural practices, more and more African peoples come to utilizing force and violence in an effort to attain their participation, perpetuating this tragic image. Diamonds, as a product f Western aesthetic values, through the circumstances f history and geology, becomes an ideal medium for this perpetuation. (Olsson 1133-1150) Although diamonds occur all over Africa, they are accessed most easily in riverbeds via alluvial mining. This requires far less physically intensive effort; as a result, the rivers begin to serve as borders. Mapped as diamond resources, they become instruments f power and ultimately, corruptive relations among the region. In 1997 the NGO Global Witness published an account f the local civil wars entitled Rough Trade. In Angola and Sierra Leone, where mined diamonds were and are being used to fund violent struggles over land, resources and political representation, the rivers have become charted as the cultural resources f various divisions under the patronage f military enforcement. Global Witness purpose was to expose the fraudulent efforts f the "legitimate" diamond trade, identifiably the brokers for DeBeers and the shadow traders-in-between. Although the purpose was to reveal and condemn these policies f marketing "blood diamonds", the publication depicted the struggle only as a moral one for Western business and consumers arguing in favor f not supporting the "violent chaos" f Africa. Emphasis was made on the political struggles, particularly in Angola, where the exertion for representation between political oppositions UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence f Angola) and MPLA continues to subdivide into struggles over diamonds alone. But currently the only political concern f the cultural factions involved is the enormous personal gain to be acquired through control f such abundant and valuable resources, ultimately pointing towards the need for military presence in mined areas. (Sherman 600-615) The diamond as an archetype f Western value becomes the perfect means f instilling economic chaos through the ease f exploiting other cultural values. There size, convenience, f transport and mining, as well as their fiscal value, can make them the ultimate source f finance for a revolution. This suits as a local example that is continental in its effect. It is arguable that every African knows what a diamond is, and what its worth, not so much to them, but to the non-African, and as such becomes a window f economic, and thus potentially political opportunity. The linking f Africa with diamonds is much the same image as the African with violence. The "treasure" f the continent is only so to the Western

Answer movie question and summary article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Answer movie question and summary article - Essay Example Q5: I do believe that working in mutual trust is possible, however I do feel that some amount of fear is required to keep the Government working on its toes. This is imperative so that none of the participants in the democracy cross their moral boundary line. Q6: The ordinary people did absolutely the right thing by marching along the explosion, which took place courtesy V. This was something, which was required to be done as the people needed to be woken against the tyranny of the Government, and they did the right thing by waking up. Q7: I agree with the analogy of V that ideas are always bulletproof. Ideas are alive. A man can die but his idea lives on, and any one can reignite an idea and make it work according to the current level of situation in the place. Q8: This was a beautiful movie and the scene where V surfaces on public television giving his sermon of revolution to the people is the best scene for me. This was not a crazy comic flick as it made absolute total sense with respect to the situation prevailing in the society as of today. Q9: V’s quest for justice is absolutely justified by the means he adopted. I agree with the way he decided to blast the Parliament to tell the people that there is something very wrong with the way the tyrannical Government is functioning and something about it had to be done. The article written by the writer compares the Movie V for Vendetta with the philosophical ideology of Hobbs and looks at it from the perspective of psychological fear. The writer starts by saying that the movie defies in the way that Hobbs has been trying to portray his thinking of philosophy of morality, the idea of right and wrong and the means adopted to fulfill the quest for the people and to do the right thing. In the essay, the writer has posed certain questions and challenges on the theory adopted by Hobbs. Hobbs has said that morality should be the ultimate truth in everyone’s life, and one

Law Essays Tort Law School

Law Essays Tort Law School Tort Law School Advise the various parties to their rights and obligations in relation to the two scenarios below. Answers should be around 1000 words each. 1) Steve was employed as a grounds man at the Chiswick school for girls. The school grounds were considered to be one of the most beautiful sites in the area. Steves principal responsibilities were to keep the grounds in order and to ensure that the girls did not stray onto the parts of the grounds that were cordoned off. Vicky and Mandy, both 12, often strayed onto the prohibited areas and, on one occasion, Steve used force to remove them, badly bruising Vickys arm in the process. In defiance of the schools express instructions, Steve often sought the aid of his brother, Mike, in policing the grounds. One evening when patrolling the grounds, Mike carelessly left a lighted cigarette on a pile of papers kept in one of the outhouses, setting it alight. 2) Brenda worked for one of the few remaining coal suppliers until she retired on the grounds of ill health in Feb of this year. She was, for the 15 years of her employment, involved in mainly manual work, loading coal into bags and trucks for delivery to the firms many business and private customers. Six months before she retired, Brenda discovered that she had lung cancer. Her Father and Grandfather had been heavy smokers and had both died of lung cancer. Brenda was a social smoker. Brendas union representative advised her that several scientific studies had linked lung cancer to exposure to coal dust. Such studies suggested that employees could alleviate such risks by allowing employees 30 minutes of fresh air after every three hour shift. 1) It is assumed that both Vicky and Mandy are pupils at the school for the purposes of this answer. Both girls may have an action against the school in the tort of negligence. To establish an claim in negligence five essential criteria must be satisfied. In this case it is necessary to prove that Vicky and Mandy are owed a legally recognised duty of care by the defendant. Next, a breach of that specified duty must be proven on the balance of probabilities. The girls must then demonstrate that damage has been suffered. Fourth it must be shown that the injury sustained came about as a direct result of the breach identified. Lastly it must be proved that the damage is not excluded in law on the ground of being remote. ie. it must be shown that the damage identified was reasonably foreseeable in the circumstances of the case Each of these conditions must be satisfied before Vicky and Mandy can be advised they have a sound case for to be compensated. Each condition is addressed below. In Donoghue v Stephenson. Lord Atkins described the range of the duty of care in negligence by way of a formulation that has been adopted and applied in numerous cases: You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? Lord Atkin proceeded to answer this crucial question: The answer seems to be persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called in question. It is easy to conclude that Vicky and Mandy, being pupils of the school, will be deemed neighbours of the school under this statement of the law. Given the likely existence of a duty the issue of breach of the duty of care can be investigated. In Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks it was stated that: Negligence is the omission to do something which a reasonable man, guided upon those considerations which ordinarily regulate the conduct of human affairs, would do, or doing something which a prudent and reasonable man would not do. The defendants might have been liable for negligence, if, unintentionally, they omitted to do that which a reasonable person would have done, or did that which a person taking reasonable precautions would not have done. The facts indicate that Steve has been lax in his duty to keep the girls away from the property in question. This conclusion is suggested by the fact that it is stated that the girls often stray onto the prohibited areas. Moreover, Steves use of force in removing the girls is clearly and excessive and negligent response to the situation. It should be noted that these girls are only twelve years old and that Vickys arm has been badly bruised by Steves actions. It is argued that it should not have been necessary to manhandle the girls in any fashion, let alone to apply such physical force as to inflict serious bruising. It is concluded that Steves actions would not have been performed by a prudent and reasonable man, and that a breach of duty has occurred. The damage suffered by Vicky is clear and claimable. It seems that Mandy has escaped physical injury but there is a possibility that she has suffered emotional trauma and stress which may be claimable. Further particulars on this issue are sought. Causation is clear on the facts. The chain of events running from Steves use of physical force to Vickys injury is straightforward and unbroken. Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Management Committee (discussed below) is authority on this issue, which should present no significant obstacle to Vickys claim. Remoteness of damage will not bar Vickys claim either. The Wagon Mound No.1 (1967) , provides that only damage which is a reasonably foreseeable consequence of a breach is recoverable in law. It is submitted that a badly bruised arm is a normal and natural consequence of the use of physical force as applied by Steve in this context. Therefore it is concluded that Vickys claim will not be defeat on the grounds of being remote. In light of the fact that we have satisfied each of the elements of Vickys claim in negligence she can be advised that she has a claim against both Steve and more importantly the School which employs him on the basis of vicarious liability. Vicky would be advised to focus on her claim against the School, given that the School will have the insurance cover to adequately meet any damages awarded. As stated, Mandy may also have a claim, but we need to know more about any emotional damage she may have suffered in order to offer reliable advice. Mike is not an authorised visitor at the school and can be considered a trespasser. The same negligence criteria described above are applicable and it is clear that the School is owed a duty and that Mike is in breach of that duty in carelessly leaving a lit cigarette on paper. The damage suffered is that done to the outhouse and surroundings by the fire and there is no difficulty proving causation or the issue of remoteness on the facts. Mike will be liable to compensate the School in damages and Steve is likely to be subject to severe disciplinary action if not dismissal as a result of his repeated breach of express instructions not to seek the aid of any other party in policing the grounds. 2) There is a sophisticated and exacting legal regime imposed on employers for the purposes of promoting and safeguarding workplace health and safety. Brenda has discovered she suffers from lung cancer and she has been advised that several scientific studies have linked lung cancer to exposure to coal dust, which was part and parcel of Brendas work for fifteen years. In the celebrated case Wilsons and Clyde Coal Ltd v English it was held by the House of Lords that employers are under a duty to provide: 1) a safe place of work; 2) a safe system of work; 3) full and appropriate training; 4) safe equipment and materials; 5) competent employees. Brenda may be advised to argue that her employer failed to provide a safe system of work because the employer did not allow her a thirty minute fresh air break every three hours. However there are major potential problems with her claim. First, the strength of the evidence linking exposure to coal dust with lung cancer is unclear on the information provided in the brief. The status of the scientific studies linking the dust with the disease is unspecified. Thousands of so-called scientific studies are published each year and they are wildly different in substance, form and nature. It is necessary both to establish the credibility and influence of the studies in question and the strength of the link between the dust and the disease. Studies have been published over the years producing all kinds of results and conclusions, for example, linking the consumption of biscuits with heart disease and the consumption of black pepper with lung cancer, but it is not necessarily the case that compelling and serious risks to health are thereby identified. By the same token it is necessary to establish that the suggestion made by the studies that employees could alleviate such risks by allowing employees 30 minutes of fresh air after every three hour shift holds scientific water. Therefore Brenda has considerable work to do in establishing that the evidence on which she is basing her claim is reliable and compelling. If the said studies or any of the considered conclusions of those studies are deemed to be of little value, then Brendas case may fail at an early stage for lack of proof, given that her claim must be established on the balance of probabilities before the court. The second major difficulty with Brendas claim is that she is a smoker, and that she comes from a family of heavy smokers. Whatever the evidence linking coal dust with lung cancer, there is an enormous amount of compelling evidence linking smoking with lung cancer. The fact that both her father and grandfather were heavy smokers, and that they both died of lung cancer, suggests a genetic and social predisposition to Brendas current predicament. Brenda will have been subject both to direct inhalation of cigarette smoke and presumably the passive inhalation of cigarette smoke in the family setting. Brenda will have an uphill struggle convincing the court that her disease is linked to her exposure to coal dust at work and not to her voluntary smoking habit, which is known, both publicly and unequivocally, to cause the disease complained of. The issue of causation will be the central and pivotal matter in this case and it is one that cannot be decided here. Expert medical evidence will need to be adduced on both sides and considered carefully by the court. In the case Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Management Committee a man presented at hospital suffering stomach pains, but was told to go home without even being examined by a doctor. The man later died. It transpired that the man had been poisoned by arsenic and that he would have died even if he had received the best medical attention available. Manifestly the hospital had been negligent in failing to examine him, but that negligence was not considered to be the cause of death and therefore the hospital avoided liability. It is submitted that, subject to expert consideration of the relevant medical evidence, the same fate may befall Brendas claim. It may be deemed the employer was negligent in failing to provide the necessary fresh air breaks so as to ensure a safe system of work, but this may not be considered the ultimate cause of Brendas lung cancer in the circumstances. In addition to the further investigation specified above, it is important to ascertain the length of time Brenda was a smoker and the number of cigarettes per day that she smoked. It is presumed given the words of the brief that Brenda has now given up smoking. If Brenda can prove that the studies linking coal dust and cancer are compelling and that her own condition appears (on the balance of probability) to have been caused by exposure to the dust and not to her smoking (which is probably the highest hurdle), then she can bring a solid case against her employer on the further proviso that she can establish that the employer acted unreasonably in failing to allow her a thirty minute fresh air break per three hours. In order to fulfil the latter requirement Brenda will need to demonstrate that the risk of lung cancer due to exposure to dust was or should have been known to employers in the sector concerned. Bibliography Rogers W.V.H., Winfield and Jolowicz on Tort, (2002) Sweet Maxwell Cooke, J, Law of Tort, (2005) Pearson Stephenson G., Sourcebook on Torts, (2000) Cavendish Publishing Keenan D., Smith and Keenans English Law, (1998) Pitman Publishing Keenan, D. and Riches S., Business Law, Seventh Ed, (2001) Longman Weir, T, Casebook on Torts, (2004) Sweet and Maxwell Kelly D. and Holmes A., Principles of Business Law, (1997) Cavendish Publishing Spink P, Challenging Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the Workplace, Environmental Law Review, (2000) Volume 1 Issue 4, pp243-265.

“Life of Frederick Douglas, an American Slave” Essay -- Literature Revi

The narrative essay of the â€Å"Life of Frederick Douglas, an American Slave† describes personal accounts Paul experienced as a slave. Cruel and unjust treatment done to him by his masters gave him to a strong desire to learn how to read and write in any possible way by being resourceful and be determined to learn. However, Douglas expressed â€Å"I would at times feel that learning to read had been a curse rather a blessing† and â€Å"I envied my fellow slaves for their stupidity† (4); wherein he regrets learning and he also illustrated why he considered knowledge as a curse because he learned about freedom did not benefit him at all. In my case, I can also say I regret some things I learned in the past that I know would made me happier if I did not learned them at all. At age twelve, Douglas became a slave in the household of Mr. Hugh. Mrs. Auld was very kind and considerate when Douglas met her, because it was the first time having a slave in the household. She even taught him the A B C’s but Mr. Auld forbade instructing him. However, in the later part of the story, she changes into a wicked mistress. Mr. Auld expressed â€Å"If you give a nigger an inch, he will take an ell. A nigger should know nothing but to obey his master-to do as he is told to do. Learning would spoil the best nigger in the world† (1) and this revelation was an eye opener of freedom awaits him. Mr. Auld tells his wife that if a slave was taught to read, it will cause Paul to be not satisfied and sad because he will yearn for freedom. Paul learned that learning to read is the key to his freedom. He was longing for freedom because he was treated badly. I am so impressed with the effort he put forth learning how to read and be a good writer. However, he regrets learnin... ...demonstrates that my experience did not benefit me from knowledge because I felt upset that if I have not known science, I would not doubt and my trust in God would not be at stake. Our knowledge is a key to our success and happiness in our life to give us personal satisfaction. Knowledge is power but not always. Sometimes our self-awareness and growth as an individual gives us negative thoughts that make us want to go back to undo it. Everyone wants to unlearn a part in our life that brought us pain and problems. Good or bad experiences brought by true wisdom can be used for our self-acceptance, self-fulfillment and these experiences would make us stronger as we walk to the road of our so called â€Å"life†, but Douglas’s and my experience about knowledge confirmed his belief that â€Å"Knowledge is a curse†. Both of us felt frustrated and sad from learning knowledge.

Toilet Training Assignment Nvq3

Toilet training and children Toilet training is a major developmental step, both physically and emotionally for toddlers and so needs to be handled very carefully. Whilst most parents look forward to the day when their child no longer needs nappies, very few happily anticipate the process of potty training. With perseverance, they will get past this hurdle. Each child will display a unique ability to be toilet trained when the time is right for them and no one else.Although there are ways for you to monitor this readiness, it would be unwise to proceed with the training before you see the signs. Physically a child must be able to hold in their urine for several hours, though this will only occur when his/her bladder muscles have developed enough. Mentally the child must also be able to recognise the signs that they are in need to use the toilet. Not only will they need to recognise the physical signs that they need to use the toilet but they will need to recognise them before they ur inate or defecate.Some signs that a child may be ready to train are * If their nappies remain dry for several hours at a time * If the child tells you they need to use the toilet * If the child shows their frustration in nappies * If the child shows an interest in other children who have been toilet trained Once the child is physically and mentally ready to train, as well as showing no fear or dislike for it, it may be time to start. There is no one standard way to toilet train a child but most families find whatever way they feel comfortable with and has worked for their families in the past.Some of the things families choose to do are * Take a trip to the shops and buy a special potty with their child * Allow the child to play with the potty * Explain the use of the toilet using books and videos * Bribing works! Rewards systems and treats * Talk about being a â€Å"big kid† most children love the idea of being grown up * If you are ok with it, let your child see you using t he toilet * Train boys to sit before they stand It is extremely important to make every effort to keep training positive.Each time they have dry pants use lots of praise and express your delight. Even if they ask to go to the toilet but do not use it, praise them and tell them â€Å"it’s ok you can try again†. Expect some accidents and always remain calm, never tease or punish a child for a mistake. Be consistent, make sure you have set aside enough time to complete the process and dedicate your full attention to it. Most children can be free from nappies in just a few days. Preparation is key make sure you have enough time, clothes and underwear!Whilst some children will take to potty training really quickly some may not. If this is the case back off for a few days, sometimes this will then encourage the child to ask to use the toilet. Don’t force the issue, some children can become more resistant the more you push. If your child is like this then give them som e space. Make it as fun as you can, sing songs, read books involve their favourite toys, this will help them and you relax and make things a bit easier. Once your child has mastered the day time training, start on the night time.Make sure you have a calm night time routine, research shows that excited children produce more urine. Limit drinking for about an hour before bed and encourage them to use the toilet before settling down for the night. Investing in a waterproof mattress cover is a good idea as accidents are bound to happen and it will make bed changes much easier. Remember most of all to relax! Don’t get stressed if your child is not progressing a quickly as other children, every child will do it when the time is right for them and you.